References: Survey Literature
These references were provided by resilience scientists through our global expert survey. This list, along with the benchmark papers, was consulted by the Project Lead Team and the Editorial Board during the development of the nine Resilience Science Must-Knows to inform thinking, provoke discussion, and provide conceptual grounding. Note: specific works that are directly cited in each Must-Know can be found following each Must-Know section in the report, and are not limited to papers from this list.
Abson, D. J., Fischer, J., Leventon, J., Newig, J., Schomerus, T., Vilsmaier, U., Von Wehrden, H., Abernethy, P., Ives, C. D., Jager, N. W., & Lang, D. J. (2017). Leverage points for sustainability transformation. Ambio, 46(1), 30–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-016-0800-y
Allen, C. R., Angeler, D. G., Chaffin, B. C., Twidwell, D., & Garmestani, A. (2019). Resilience reconciled. Nature Sustainability, 2(10), 898–900. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0401-4
Alloush, M., & Carter, M. (2024). On the Definition and Estimation of Economic Resilience using Counterfactuals (No. w33290; p. w33290). National Bureau of Economic Research. https://doi.org/10.3386/w33290
Almeida, A. (2024). The trade-off between health system resiliency and efficiency: Evidence from COVID-19 in European regions. The European Journal of Health Economics, 25(1), 31–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10198-023-01567-w
Anderies, J. M. (2015). Managing variance: Key policy challenges for the Anthropocene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(47), 14402–14403. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1519071112
Anderies, J. M., Rodriguez, A. A., Janssen, M. A., & Cifdaloz, O. (2007). Panaceas, uncertainty, and the robust control framework in sustainability science. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 104(39), 15194–15199. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0702655104
Armstrong McKay, D. I., Staal, A., Abrams, J. F., Winkelmann, R., Sakschewski, B., Loriani, S., Fetzer, I., Cornell, S. E., Rockström, J., & Lenton, T. M. (2022). Exceeding 1.5°C global warming could trigger multiple climate tipping points. Science, 377(6611), eabn7950. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abn7950
Asadzadeh, A., Fekete, A., Khazai, B., Moghadas, M., Zebardast, E., Basirat, M., & Kötter, T. (2023). Capacitating urban governance and planning systems to drive transformative resilience. Sustainable Cities and Society, 96, 104637. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2023.104637
Asadzadeh, A., Khavarian-Garmsir, A. R., Sharifi, A., Salehi, P., & Kötter, T. (2022). Transformative Resilience: An Overview of Its Structure, Evolution, and Trends. Sustainability, 14(22), 15267. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142215267
Aschinger, R., Boillat, S., & Ifejika Speranza, C. (2023). Smallholder livelihood resilience to climate variability in South-Eastern Kenya, 2012–2015. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 7, 1070083. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2023.1070083
Audouin, M., Preiser, R., Nienaber, S., Downsborough, L., Lanz, J., & Mavengahama, S. (2013). Exploring the implications of critical complexity for the study of social-ecological systems. Ecology and Society, 18(3), art12. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-05434-180312
Barnes, M. L., Bodin, Ö., Guerrero, A. M., McAllister, R. R. J., Alexander, S. M., & Robins, G. (2017). The social structural foundations of adaptation and transformation in social–ecological systems. Ecology and Society, 22(4), art16. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-09769-220416
Barnes, M. L., Wang, P., Cinner, J. E., Graham, N. A. J., Guerrero, A. M., Jasny, L., Lau, J., Sutcliffe, S. R., & Zamborain-Mason, J. (2020). Social determinants of adaptive and transformative responses to climate change. Nature Climate Change, 10(9), 823–828. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-0871-4
Barthel, S., Folke, C., & Colding, J. (2010). Social–ecological memory in urban gardens—Retaining the capacity for management of ecosystem services. Global Environmental Change, 20(2), 255–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2010.01.001
Baud, I. S., & De Wit, J. (2008). New Forms of Urban Governance in India: Shifts, Models, Networks and Contestations. SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9788132101390
Bekele, W. D. (2024). Enhancing farmers’ resilience to climate change-induced impacts through financial inclusion in Sidama region, southern Ethiopia. Climate and Development, 16(2), 149–160. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2023.2203675
Belayeth Hussain, A. H. M., Endut, N., Das, S., Chowdhury, M. T. A., Haque, N., Sultana, S., & Ahmed, K. J. (2019). Does financial inclusion increase financial resilience? Evidence from Bangladesh. Development in Practice, 29(6), 798–807. https://doi.org/10.1080/09614524.2019.1607256
Béné, C., Wood, R. G., Newsham, A., & Davies, M. (2012). Resilience: New Utopia or New Tyranny? Reflection about the Potentials and Limits of the Concept of Resilience in Relation to Vulnerability Reduction Programmes. IDS Working Papers, 2012(405), 1–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2040-0209.2012.00405.x
Bennett, N. J., Relano, V., Roumbedakis, K., Blythe, J., Andrachuk, M., Claudet, J., Dawson, N., Gill, D., Lazzari, N., Mahajan, S. L., Muhl, E.-K., Riechers, M., Strand, M., & Villasante, S. (2025). Ocean equity: From assessment to action to improve social equity in ocean governance. Frontiers in Marine Science, 12, 1473382. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2025.1473382
Berkes, F., Colding, J., & Folke, C. (Eds). (2001). Navigating Social-Ecological Systems: Building Resilience for Complexity and Change (1st edn). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511541957
Berkes, F., Hughes, T. P., Steneck, R. S., Wilson, J. A., Bellwood, D. R., Crona, B., Folke, C., Gunderson, L. H., Leslie, H. M., Norberg, J., Nyström, M., Olsson, P., Österblom, H., Scheffer, M., & Worm, B. (2006). Globalization, Roving Bandits, and Marine Resources. Science, 311(5767), 1557–1558. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1122804
Berkhout, F., Dow, K., & Thomas, A. (2024). Delayed, abrupt and unjust: An institutionalist perspective on limits to climate change adaptation. Climate Risk Management, 44, 100611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2024.100611
Biggs, R., Schlüter, M., Biggs, D., Bohensky, E. L., BurnSilver, S., Cundill, G., Dakos, V., Daw, T. M., Evans, L. S., Kotschy, K., Leitch, A. M., Meek, C., Quinlan, A., Raudsepp-Hearne, C., Robards, M. D., Schoon, M. L., Schultz, L., & West, P. C. (2012). Toward Principles for Enhancing the Resilience of Ecosystem Services. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 37(1), 421–448. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-051211-123836
Billi, M., Bórquez, R., Varela, J. C., Aldunce, P., Aspee, N., Beauchamp, E., Berríos, P., Cuevas, M., Loboguerrero, A. M., Mason Bustos, F., Patwardhan, A., & Rojas, M. (2024). A pioneering approach to measure increased resilience to face climate change: Insights from the Race to Resilience campaign. Environmental Research Communications, 6(9), 095006. https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7620/ad6d37
Black, R. (1994). Forced Migration and Environmental Change: The Impact of Refugees on Host Environments. Journal of Environmental Management, 42(3), 261–277. https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.1994.1072
Blythe, J., Silver, J., Evans, L., Armitage, D., Bennett, N. J., Moore, M., Morrison, T. H., & Brown, K. (2018). The Dark Side of Transformation: Latent Risks in Contemporary Sustainability Discourse. Antipode, 50(5), 1206–1223. https://doi.org/10.1111/anti.12405
Breslow, S. J., Sojka, B., Barnea, R., Basurto, X., Carothers, C., Charnley, S., Coulthard, S., Dolšak, N., Donatuto, J., García-Quijano, C., Hicks, C. C., Levine, A., Mascia, M. B., Norman, K., Poe, M., Satterfield, T., Martin, K. St., & Levin, P. S. (2016). Conceptualizing and operationalizing human wellbeing for ecosystem assessment and management. Environmental Science & Policy, 66, 250–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2016.06.023
Brown, L., & Greenbaum, R. T. (2017). The role of industrial diversity in economic resilience: An empirical examination across 35 years. Urban Studies, 54(6), 1347–1366. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098015624870
Capitani, C., Mukama, K., Mbilinyi, B., Malugu, I. O., Munishi, P. K. T., Burgess, N. D., Platts, P. J., Sallu, S. M., & Marchant, R. (2016). From local scenarios to national maps: A participatory framework for envisioning the future of Tanzania. Ecology and Society, 21(3), art4. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-08565-210304
Carmen, E., Fazey, I., Ross, H., Bedinger, M., Smith, F. M., Prager, K., McClymont, K., & Morrison, D. (2022a). Building community resilience in a context of climate change: The role of social capital. Ambio, 51(6), 1371–1387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-021-01678-9
Carmen, E., Fazey, I., Ross, H., Bedinger, M., Smith, F. M., Prager, K., McClymont, K., & Morrison, D. (2022b). Building community resilience in a context of climate change: The role of social capital. Ambio, 51(6), 1371–1387. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-021-01678-9
Carpenter, S. R., Brock, W. A., Folke, C., Van Nes, E. H., & Scheffer, M. (2015). Allowing variance may enlarge the safe operating space for exploited ecosystems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112(46), 14384–14389. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1511804112
Carr, E. R. (2019). Properties and projects: Reconciling resilience and transformation for adaptation and development. World Development, 122, 70–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2019.05.011
Carr, E. R. (2020). Resilient livelihoods in an era of global transformation. Global Environmental Change, 64, 102155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102155
Carvalho, J. S., Graham, B., Bocksberger, G., Maisels, F., Williamson, E. A., Wich, S., Sop, T., Amarasekaran, B., Barca, B., Barrie, A., Bergl, R. A., Boesch, C., Boesch, H., Brncic, T. M., Buys, B., Chancellor, R., Danquah, E., Doumbé, O. A., Le‐Duc, S. Y., … Kühl, H. S. (2021). Predicting range shifts of African apes under global change scenarios. Diversity and Distributions, 27(9), 1663–1679. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13358
Cebrián-Piqueras, M., Palomo, I., Lo, V., López-Rodríguez, M. D., Filyushkina, A., Fischborn, M., Raymond, C., & Plieninger, T. (2023). Leverage points and levers of inclusive conservation in protected areas. Ecology and Society, 28(4), art7. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-14366-280407
Ceddia, M. G., Boillat, S., & Jacobi, J. (2024). Transforming food systems through agroecology: Enhancing farmers’ autonomy for a safe and just transition. The Lancet Planetary Health, 8(11), e958–e965. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(24)00234-1
Chambers, J. M., Wyborn, C., Klenk, N. L., Ryan, M., Serban, A., Bennett, N. J., Brennan, R., Charli-Joseph, L., Fernández-Giménez, M. E., Galvin, K. A., Goldstein, B. E., Haller, T., Hill, R., Munera, C., Nel, J. L., Österblom, H., Reid, R. S., Riechers, M., Spierenburg, M., … Rondeau, R. (2022a). Co-productive agility and four collaborative pathways to sustainability transformations. Global Environmental Change, 72, 102422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102422
Chambers, J. M., Wyborn, C., Klenk, N. L., Ryan, M., Serban, A., Bennett, N. J., Brennan, R., Charli-Joseph, L., Fernández-Giménez, M. E., Galvin, K. A., Goldstein, B. E., Haller, T., Hill, R., Munera, C., Nel, J. L., Österblom, H., Reid, R. S., Riechers, M., Spierenburg, M., … Rondeau, R. (2022b). Co-productive agility and four collaborative pathways to sustainability transformations. Global Environmental Change, 72, 102422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102422
Chan, K. M. A., Boyd, D. R., Gould, R. K., Jetzkowitz, J., Liu, J., Muraca, B., Naidoo, R., Olmsted, P., Satterfield, T., Selomane, O., Singh, G. G., Sumaila, R., Ngo, H. T., Boedhihartono, A. K., Agard, J., De Aguiar, A. P. D., Armenteras, D., Balint, L., Barrington‐Leigh, C., … Brondízio, E. S. (2020). Levers and leverage points for pathways to sustainability. People and Nature, 2(3), 693–717. https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.10124
Chaudhury, A. S., Helfgott, A., Thornton, T. F., & Sova, C. (2016a). Participatory adaptation planning and costing. Applications in agricultural adaptation in western Kenya. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 21(3), 301–322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-014-9600-5
Chaudhury, A. S., Helfgott, A., Thornton, T. F., & Sova, C. (2016b). Participatory adaptation planning and costing. Applications in agricultural adaptation in western Kenya. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, 21(3), 301–322. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-014-9600-5
Chaudhury, A. S., Thornton, T. F., Helfgott, A., & Sova, C. (2017). Applying the robust adaptation planning (RAP) framework to Ghana’s agricultural climate change adaptation regime. Sustainability Science, 12(5), 657–676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-017-0462-0
Chaudhury, A. S., Thornton, T. F., Helfgott, A., Ventresca, M. J., & Sova, C. (2017). Ties that bind: Local networks, communities and adaptive capacity in rural Ghana. Journal of Rural Studies, 53, 214–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.05.010
Chausson, A., Turner, B., Seddon, D., Chabaneix, N., Girardin, C. A. J., Kapos, V., Key, I., Roe, D., Smith, A., Woroniecki, S., & Seddon, N. (2020). Mapping the effectiveness of nature‐based solutions for climate change adaptation. Global Change Biology, 26(11), 6134–6155. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15310
Cheok, J., Weeks, R., Morrison, T. H., & Pressey, R. L. (2020). Scalar capital as ingredient of success in conservation governance: Evidence from Melanesia. Global Environmental Change, 62, 102057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2020.102057
Clements, H. S., Biggs, R., & Cumming, G. S. (2020). Cross-scale and social-ecological changes constitute main threats to private land conservation in South Africa. Journal of Environmental Management, 274, 111235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111235
Collins, Y. A., Maguire-Rajpaul, V., Krauss, J. E., Asiyanbi, A., Jiminez, A., Mabele, M. B., & Alexander-Owen, M. (2021). Plotting the coloniality of conservation. Journal of Political Ecology, 28(1). https://doi.org/10.2458/jpe.4683
Cork, S., Alexandra, C., Alvarez-Romero, J. G., Bennett, E. M., Berbés-Blázquez, M., Bohensky, E., Bok, B., Costanza, R., Hashimoto, S., Hill, R., Inayatullah, S., Kok, K., Kuiper, J. J., Moglia, M., Pereira, L., Peterson, G., Weeks, R., & Wyborn, C. (2023). Exploring Alternative Futures in the Anthropocene. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 48(1), 25–54. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-112321-095011
Coughlan De Perez, E., Berse, K. B., Depante, L. A. C., Easton-Calabria, E., Evidente, E. P. R., Ezike, T., Heinrich, D., Jack, C., Lagmay, A. M. F. A., Lendelvo, S., Marunye, J., Maxwell, D. G., Murshed, S. B., Orach, C. G., Pinto, M., Poole, L. B., Rathod, K., Shampa, & Van Sant, C. (2022). Learning from the past in moving to the future: Invest in communication and response to weather early warnings to reduce death and damage. Climate Risk Management, 38, 100461. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm.2022.100461
Coughlan De Perez, E., Van Den Hurk, B., Van Aalst, M. K., Jongman, B., Klose, T., & Suarez, P. (2015). Forecast-based financing: An approach for catalyzing humanitarian action based on extreme weather and climate forecasts. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 15(4), 895–904. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-15-895-2015
Cumming, G. S., Allen, C. R., Ban, N. C., Biggs, D., Biggs, H. C., Cumming, D. H. M., De Vos, A., Epstein, G., Etienne, M., Maciejewski, K., Mathevet, R., Moore, C., Nenadovic, M., & Schoon, M. (2015). Understanding protected area resilience: A multi‐scale, social‐ecological approach. Ecological Applications, 25(2), 299–319. https://doi.org/10.1890/13-2113.1
Dakos, V., Carpenter, S. R., Van Nes, E. H., & Scheffer, M. (2015). Resilience indicators: Prospects and limitations for early warnings of regime shifts. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 370(1659), 20130263. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0263
Derex, M., & Boyd, R. (2016). Partial connectivity increases cultural accumulation within groups. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113(11), 2982–2987. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1518798113
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Dolan, F., Lamontagne, J., Link, R., Hejazi, M., Reed, P., & Edmonds, J. (2021). Evaluating the economic impact of water scarcity in a changing world. Nature Communications, 12(1), 1915. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-22194-0
Downing, A. S., Van Nes, E. H., Mooij, W. M., & Scheffer, M. (2012). The Resilience and Resistance of an Ecosystem to a Collapse of Diversity. PLoS ONE, 7(9), e46135. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0046135
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Drury, J. (2018b). The role of social identity processes in mass emergency behaviour: An integrative review. European Review of Social Psychology, 29(1), 38–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/10463283.2018.1471948
Duchek, S., Raetze, S., & Scheuch, I. (2020). The role of diversity in organizational resilience: A theoretical framework. Business Research, 13(2), 387–423. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40685-019-0084-8
Eakin, H., Enqvist, J., Hamann, M., Methner, N., Sibanda, M. N., Sullivan, J., Van Wyk, E., & Ziervogel, G. (2025a). Negotiating informality and urban resilience: Implications for equity. Ecology and Society, 30(2), art20. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-16059-300220
Eakin, H., Enqvist, J., Hamann, M., Methner, N., Sibanda, M. N., Sullivan, J., Van Wyk, E., & Ziervogel, G. (2025b). Negotiating informality and urban resilience: Implications for equity. Ecology and Society, 30(2), art20. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-16059-300220
Elmqvist, T., Andersson, E., Frantzeskaki, N., McPhearson, T., Olsson, P., Gaffney, O., Takeuchi, K., & Folke, C. (2019). Sustainability and resilience for transformation in the urban century. Nature Sustainability, 2(4), 267–273. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0250-1
Faulkner, L., Brown, K., & Quinn, T. (2018). Analyzing community resilience as an emergent property of dynamic social-ecological systems. Ecology and Society, 23(1), art24. https://doi.org/10.5751/ES-09784-230124
Ferreira, R., Davidson, T., Buttell, F., Contillo, C. M., Leddie, C., Leahy, C., Nuñez-Dune, C., Lentz, B., Simkins, M., Jerolleman, A., Eide, C., Glaude, M. W., Thomas, J., Leiva, D., Awbrey, M. L., & Friedman, R. (2024). Barriers to equitable disaster recovery: A scoping literature review. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 110, 104628. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2024.104628
Fischer, J., & Riechers, M. (2019a). A leverage points perspective on sustainability. People and Nature, 1(1), 115–120. https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.13
Fischer, J., & Riechers, M. (2019b). A leverage points perspective on sustainability. People and Nature, 1(1), 115–120. https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.13
Folke, C., Hahn, T., Olsson, P., & Norberg, J. (2005). ADAPTIVE GOVERNANCE OF SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 30(1), 441–473. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.30.050504.144511
Folke, C., Polasky, S., Rockström, J., Galaz, V., Westley, F., Lamont, M., Scheffer, M., Österblom, H., Carpenter, S. R., Chapin, F. S., Seto, K. C., Weber, E. U., Crona, B. I., Daily, G. C., Dasgupta, P., Gaffney, O., Gordon, L. J., Hoff, H., Levin, S. A., … Walker, B. H. (2021). Our future in the Anthropocene biosphere. Ambio, 50(4), 834–869. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-021-01544-8
García Martínez, J. B., Behr, J., Pearce, J., & Denkenberger, D. (2025). Resilient foods for preventing global famine: A review of food supply interventions for global catastrophic food shocks including nuclear winter and infrastructure collapse. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 65(28), 5805–5831. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2024.2431207
González-Mon, B., Mancilla-García, M., Bodin, Ö., Malherbe, W., Sitas, N., Pringle, C. B., Biggs, R. (Oonsie), & Schlüter, M. (2024a). The importance of cross-scale social relationships for dealing with social-ecological change in agricultural supply chains. Journal of Rural Studies, 105, 103191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2023.103191
González-Mon, B., Mancilla-García, M., Bodin, Ö., Malherbe, W., Sitas, N., Pringle, C. B., Biggs, R. (Oonsie), & Schlüter, M. (2024b). The importance of cross-scale social relationships for dealing with social-ecological change in agricultural supply chains. Journal of Rural Studies, 105, 103191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2023.103191
Grêt-Regamey, A., Huber, S. H., & Huber, R. (2019). Actors’ diversity and the resilience of social-ecological systems to global change. Nature Sustainability, 2(4), 290–297. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0236-z
Grove, K., Reid, G., Molinari, S., Falcon, J., Mehta-Kroll, A., Sosa El Fakih, E., Sepulveda-Reyes, A., & Ortiz, D. (2024). Absurd geographies of resilience and justice. Climate and Development, 16(9), 739–750. https://doi.org/10.1080/17565529.2023.2255566
Gunderson, L. H., & Holling, C. S. (Eds). (2002). Panarchy: Understanding transformations in human and natural systems. Island Press.
Hamann, M., Berry, K., Chaigneau, T., Curry, T., Heilmayr, R., Henriksson, P. J. G., Hentati-Sundberg, J., Jina, A., Lindkvist, E., Lopez-Maldonado, Y., Nieminen, E., Piaggio, M., Qiu, J., Rocha, J. C., Schill, C., Shepon, A., Tilman, A. R., Van Den Bijgaart, I., & Wu, T. (2018). Inequality and the Biosphere. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 43(1), 61–83. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-102017-025949
Heinrich, D., Stephens, E., & Coughlan De Perez, E. (2024). More than Magnitude: Towards a multidimensional understanding of unprecedented weather to better support disaster management. Water Security, 23, 100181. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasec.2024.100181
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